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Reversible effects of ethanol on E. coli.

L O Ingram, B F Dickens, T M Buttke

    Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
    |January 1, 1980
    PubMed
    Summary

    Chronic ethanol exposure alters E. coli lipid composition, decreasing saturated fatty acids. This adaptation enhances alcohol resistance, with specific enzymes identified as key targets.

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    Area of Science:

    • Microbiology
    • Molecular Biology
    • Biochemistry

    Background:

    • Ethanol exposure significantly impacts microbial cell membrane composition.
    • Changes in lipid profiles are known adaptations to environmental stressors like temperature shifts.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the effects of chronic ethanol exposure on Escherichia coli lipid composition.
    • To identify the specific mechanisms and enzymes involved in ethanol-induced lipid alterations.
    • To explore the relationship between lipid changes and ethanol resistance in E. coli.

    Main Methods:

    • Culturing E. coli under chronic ethanol exposure.
    • Analyzing changes in fatty acid composition using lipidomics.
    • Employing mutant strains blocked in lipid synthesis for in vivo studies.
    • In vitro enzyme assays to pinpoint ethanol inhibition sites.
    • Isolating and characterizing ethanol-resistant mutants.

    Main Results:

    • Chronic ethanol exposure decreased saturated fatty acids in E. coli, mimicking cold shock adaptation.
    • Metabolites like acetaldehyde and acetate induced opposite fatty acid changes.
    • Saturated fatty acid synthesis was identified as a primary target of ethanol's effect.
    • Condensing enzyme II was implicated as a site of ethanol inhibition.
    • Ethanol-impaired membrane enzyme functions (Mg++ATPase, lac permease) were restored with lipid compositional changes.
    • Ethanol-resistant mutants exhibited more pronounced lipid compositional alterations.

    Conclusions:

    • Ethanol-induced changes in E. coli lipid composition, particularly reduced saturated fatty acids, are a key adaptive mechanism for alcohol resistance.
    • The enzyme condensing enzyme II is a likely target for ethanol's inhibitory effects on lipid synthesis.
    • Altered membrane lipid profiles are intrinsically linked to E. coli's ability to tolerate high ethanol concentrations.

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