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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts
07:56

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Published on: January 29, 2018

Age estimation from the rib by phase analysis: white males.

M Y Işcan, S R Loth, R K Wright

    Journal of Forensic Sciences
    |October 1, 1984
    PubMed
    Summary

    Forensic anthropologists can now estimate age at death using the sternal end of the rib. This new method offers a reliable alternative for age determination in skeletal remains.

    Area of Science:

    • Forensic Anthropology
    • Bioarchaeology
    • Human Osteology

    Background:

    • Accurate age at death determination is crucial in physical and forensic anthropology.
    • Current methods for age estimation include direct bone observation and microscopic analysis.
    • A need exists for additional reliable methods for age estimation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To introduce and evaluate the sternal end of the rib as a novel site for age estimation.
    • To establish a standardized phase system for age-related changes at the costochondral junction of the rib.
    • To assess the accuracy and reliability of this new method in comparison to established techniques.

    Main Methods:

    • Examined 118 white male ribs of known age, sex, and race.
    • Developed a nine-phase system (0-8) based on morphological changes at the costochondral junction.

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  • Analyzed changes including pit formation, depth, shape, wall/rim configuration, and bone texture.

    • Main Results:

    • Observed significant age-related changes at the sternal rib end.
    • Identified the most rapid and uniform bone metamorphosis between ages 17 and 28 (Phases 1-4).
    • Noted increased variability in rib morphology after age 39 (Phase 5), leading to wider age prediction ranges.

    Conclusions:

    • The sternal end of the rib is a viable new site for direct observation age estimation.
    • This method shows comparable accuracy to the pubic symphysis and potentially surpasses cranial sutural closure.
    • The sternal rib end provides a valuable tool for corroborating age estimations from traditional forensic methods.