Neuropsychiatric sequelae of portal-systemic encephalopathy: a review

Portal-systemic encephalopathy (PSE) is a common condition affecting individuals with chronic hepatic dysfunction. The clinical presentation of PSE often mimics a number of psychiatric disorders and, as discussed in the text, complicates the treatment of persons who suffer from both liver dysfunction and psychiatric illness. This review of the literature addresses the etiology, natural history and treatment of PSE. Special attention is devoted to clarifying the cognitive and affective manifestations of chronic low grade PSE.