Synaptology of alpha-motoneurons in the chicken spinal cord

The synaptology of alpha-motoneurons innervating the anterior and posterior latissimus dorsi muscle (ALD and PLD) in the chicken was studied electron microscopically. These motoneurons were identified by means of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase injected into each muscle. Presynaptic boutons on their somata and dendrites were classified as S, F, C and M types, fundamentally similar to those previously reported in the monkey, cat and rat. Besides them, the presynaptic terminals which contained dense-cored vesicles, designated as the G type collectively for practical purposes, were newly found on both the somata and dendrites of chicken alpha-motoneurons and divided into five subtypes characterized by the presence of: (1) elongated-cored vesicles and flattened clear vesicles; (2) small spherical-cored vesicles (the range of diameter, 55-100 nm) and spherical clear vesicles; (3) middle-sized spherical-cored vesicles (60-120 nm) concomitant with spherical clear vesicles; (4) large spherical cored vesicles (85-145 nm) with a few spherical clear vesicles; and (5) cored vesicles of various shapes and sizes intermingled with tubular structures with dense content in them. The frequent occurrence of the G-type boutons on alpha-motoneurons in the chickens as compared with the rat, cat or monkey may suggest that the somatic motor activity in the chicken is modulated by neuropeptides and/or biogenic amines more than in the mammals.