Computed tomography of the brain stem with intrathecal metrizamide. Part I: the normal brain stem

In summary, the anatomic details of the brain stem are exquisitely demonstrated with metrizamide CT. The obex is the zone of transition from the closed medulla, which has a conical pear-shaped appearance to the quadriconcave open medulla. The pyramids and inferior olivary nuclei characterize the anterior surface of the open medulla, whereas the median sulcus and the cranial nerve nuclei constitute the floor of the fourth ventricle at the same level. The mushroomlike appearance of the pontomedullary junction is easily reproducible with the restiform bodies forming the posteriorly diverging biped. The seventh and eighth nerves are usually seen at this level or on the adjacent higher section of the low pons. The brachia pontis are well delineated in almost their entire length at the level of the low pons as they bound the fourth ventricle laterally. The trigeminal nerves are seen at the level of the midpons, which is a few millimeters lower than the isthmus. The latter constitutes the junction of the pons with the mesencephalon. The colliculi divide the midbrain into two levels of axial cross section: the inferior collicular level, which may or may not show the trochlear nerve, and the superior collicular level, which features anteriorly the suprasellar cistern and its contents. Air is an inadequate contrast agent for CT for the demonstration of the surface features of the brain stem because of partial filling of the cisterns and meniscus formation that precludes a detailed outline. Metrizamide, however, with careful technique, fills the fourth ventricle and subarachnoid space both infra- and supratentorially. High-resolution scanning using primary reconstruction, and thin tomographic sections of no more than 5 mm are a necessity for metrizamide CT. Consecutive scans should not be spaced more than 5 mm apart if all the features of the brain stem are to be evaluated. The demonstration of the various grooves and protuberances on the surface of the brain stem provides a unique opportunity for evaluating focal atrophy and focal swelling henceforth impossible to visualize consistently.