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Related Concept Videos

Epistasis01:39

Epistasis

In addition to multiple alleles at the same locus influencing traits, numerous genes or alleles at different locations may interact and influence phenotypes in a phenomenon called epistasis. For example, rabbit fur can be black or brown depending on whether the animal is homozygous dominant or heterozygous at a TYRP1 locus. However, if the rabbit is also homozygous recessive at a locus on the tyrosinase gene (TYR), it will have an unshaded coat that appears white, regardless of its TYRP1...
Pleiotropy01:33

Pleiotropy

Pleiotropy is the phenomenon in which a single gene impacts multiple, seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits. For example, defects in the SOX10 gene cause Waardenburg Syndrome Type 4, or WS4, which can cause defects in pigmentation, hearing impairments, and an absence of intestinal contractions necessary for elimination. This diversity of phenotypes results from the expression pattern of SOX10 in early embryonic and fetal development. SOX10 is found in neural crest cells that form melanocytes,...
From DNA to Protein03:06

From DNA to Protein

The flow of genetic information in cells from DNA to mRNA to protein is described by the central dogma, which states that genes specify the sequence of mRNAs, which in turn specify the sequence of amino acids making up all proteins. The decoding of one molecule to another is performed by specific proteins and RNAs. Because the information stored in DNA is so central to cellular function, it makes intuitive sense that the cell would make mRNA copies of this information for protein synthesis...
Epistasis Analysis01:09

Epistasis Analysis

Although Mendel chose seven unrelated traits in peas to study gene segregation, most traits involve multiple gene interactions that create a spectrum of phenotypes. When the interaction of various genes or alleles at different locations influences a phenotype, this is called epistasis. Epistasis often involves one gene masking or interfering with the expression of another (antagonistic epistasis). Epistasis often occurs when different genes are part of the same biochemical pathway. The...
Structure of a Gene01:30

Structure of a Gene

A gene is the fundamental unit of heredity. Every individual has two copies of each gene, one inherited from each parent. Although most people contain the same genes, there is a small fraction that is slightly different amongst people. A gene with a small difference in its sequence of DNA bases forms different alleles, contributing to different phenotypes.
However, only 1% of the DNA is composed of genes that encode proteins; the rest, 99% is non-coding DNA. This non-coding DNA performs...
Inheritance01:25

Inheritance

Gregor Mendel's pioneering work on the principles of inheritance fundamentally transformed our understanding of how traits are transmitted from generation to generation. His experiments with pea plants laid the groundwork for the discovery of genes, discrete units within organisms that control heredity.
Each gene exists in pairs, and the combination of these genes from both parents forms an individual's genotype. This genotype is a blueprint of potential traits. Examples of genotype traits...

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Related Experiment Video

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Paradigms for Pharmacological Characterization of C. elegans Synaptic Transmission Mutants
18:01

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Published on: August 18, 2008

A single gene encodes multiple neuropeptides mediating a stereotyped behavior.

R H Scheller, J F Jackson, L B McAllister

    Cell
    |January 1, 1983
    PubMed
    Summary

    Researchers sequenced three genes controlling Aplysia egg laying, revealing a multigene family that produces related neuroactive peptides (A, B, and egg-laying hormone) for distinct functions.

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    Area of Science:

    • Neurobiology
    • Molecular Biology
    • Behavioral Science

    Background:

    • Egg laying in Aplysia is a complex behavior regulated by neuroactive peptides.
    • Specific peptides, including A, B, and egg-laying hormone (ELH), are implicated in initiating and mediating this stereotyped behavior.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To sequence genes encoding A and B peptides and the egg-laying hormone (ELH).
    • To investigate the genetic basis and evolutionary relationships of these neuroactive peptide genes in Aplysia.

    Main Methods:

    • Gene sequencing of three identified genes.
    • Analysis of nucleotide homology and sequence divergence.
    • Examination of gene structure and potential peptide precursor processing.

    Main Results:

    • Three homologous genes encoding A, B, and ELH peptides were sequenced, showing 90% sequence homology.
    • Each gene encodes a protein precursor capable of generating multiple small peptides.
    • Despite high homology, genes have diverged to express distinct, functionally related peptide sets in different tissues.

    Conclusions:

    • The Aplysia egg-laying system is controlled by a small multigene family with conserved yet divergent sequences.
    • Differential gene expression allows for the production of specific neuroactive peptides mediating distinct aspects of egg-laying behavior.