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Glaucoma: Overview

Glaucoma: Overview

Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...

Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment

Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment

In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
Drugs such as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, α2- and...

Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment

Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment

Angle-closure glaucoma, or closed-angle glaucoma, is an eye condition where the iris bulges out and blocks the iridocorneal angle, resulting in a buildup of aqueous humor and increased intraocular pressure. Immediate medical attention is necessary due to the sudden onset of symptoms. The treatment for angle-closure glaucoma includes short-term and long-term approaches. Short-term treatment involves using eye drops like pilocarpine to lower intraocular pressure by increasing aqueous humor...

Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction

Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction

Intracranial hypertension is a sustained elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) above 22 mm Hg. In supine adults, normal ICP is ~7–15 mm Hg.The rigid, nonexpandable cranium contains three components—brain tissue, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)—that total ~1,700 mL in a typical adult: 1,400 mL brain (~80%), 150 mL blood (~10%), and 150 mL CSF (~10%). According to the Monro–Kellie doctrine, total intracranial volume is effectively fixed. When one component expands, CSF and venous blood...

Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology

Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology

Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) refers to a potentially life-threatening rise in pressure inside the skull. This usually happens when there is a major change in the volume of brain tissue, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) — the three components inside the skull. According to the Monro-Kellie doctrine, if the volume of one component increases, the volumes of the other components must decrease to maintain normal pressure. If this does not happen, ICP rises.The process often begins with...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Rotating the Intraocular Lens to Prevent Posterior Capsular Opacification in Cataract Surgeries

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Intraocular pressure after intracapsular cataract extraction.

S V Brown, J G Tye, S D McPherson

Ophthalmic Surgery

|May 1, 1984

Summary

Postoperative intraocular pressure spikes are common after cataract surgery. Timolol maleate eye drops offered a slight reduction but did not prevent these pressure elevations.

Area of Science:

Ophthalmology
Surgical Outcomes
Pharmacology

Background:

Intracapsular cataract extraction (ICCE) is a surgical procedure for cataract removal.
Postoperative intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation is a known complication following ophthalmic surgery.
Alpha-chymotrypsin is an enzyme used during ICCE to facilitate lens removal.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the incidence of postoperative intraocular pressure elevations after ICCE using alpha-chymotrypsin.
To evaluate the efficacy of a single postoperative instillation of timolol maleate 0.5% in mitigating these pressure elevations.

Main Methods:

A cohort of 42 patients undergoing ICCE with alpha-chymotrypsin was studied.
Intraocular pressure was monitored within 48 hours postoperatively.

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A subset of patients received a single immediate postoperative instillation of timolol maleate 0.5%.

Main Results:

17% of patients developed IOP greater than 30 mm Hg.
38% of patients experienced IOP greater than 24 mm Hg within 48 hours.
Timolol maleate 0.5% showed a minor IOP-lowering effect at 3 and 6 hours but did not prevent pressure spikes.

Conclusions:

Significant intraocular pressure elevations occur frequently after ICCE with alpha-chymotrypsin.
Immediate postoperative timolol maleate 0.5% is insufficient to prevent postoperative IOP spikes.
Further investigation into IOP management strategies post-ICCE is warranted.