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Related Concept Videos

Leishmaniasis01:30

Leishmaniasis

Leishmaniasis is a protozoal disease caused by species of the genus Leishmania and transmitted through the bite of infected female sandflies. The parasite exists in two principal morphological forms during its life cycle. A sandfly acquires intracellular amastigotes from an infected reservoir host, such as a dog. Within the sandfly, these forms differentiate into motile, flagellated promastigotes. During a subsequent blood meal, promastigotes are injected into the human host, where they...
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Malaria pathogenesis in humans reflects a delicate interplay between parasite biology and host response. Clinical illness reflects a host’s immune response to the parasite’s asexual replication cycle, which is often asymptomatic in individuals with partial immunity. From the parasite's perspective, transmission between mosquito and human with minimal host pathology is evolutionarily advantageous. Among the six Plasmodium species infecting humans, P. falciparum and P. vivax dominate in global...
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Toxoplasmosis, a zoonotic disease caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii, poses significant public health challenges globally due to its high seroprevalence and varied clinical manifestations. As an obligate intracellular parasite, T. gondii can infect all warm-blooded vertebrates, but felids are its only definitive hosts, shedding unsporulated oocysts into the environment. Humans typically acquire the infection through ingestion of tissue cysts in undercooked meat or oocysts from...
American Trypanosomiasis01:22

American Trypanosomiasis

Chagas disease, or American trypanosomiasis, is a vector-borne parasitic infection caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, a flagellated protozoan (kinetoplastid) of the family Trypanosomatidae. The disease is endemic in Latin America, although cases are increasingly reported worldwide due to human migration. Transmission most commonly occurs when feces of infected triatomine bugs contaminate bite wounds or mucosal surfaces; additional routes include congenital, transfusional, transplant-related, and oral...
Giardiasis01:12

Giardiasis

Giardiasis is a globally prevalent intestinal infection caused by the protozoan parasite Giardia duodenalis (also known as G. lamblia or G. intestinalis). This flagellated protozoan is the most frequently identified intestinal parasite in the United States and worldwide. Transmission primarily occurs via the fecal-oral route, with infection arising from ingestion of water or food contaminated with cysts. Individuals in low-resource settings, international travelers, outdoor enthusiasts, daycare...
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Amebiasis

Entamoeba histolytica, a protozoan parasite, is responsible for intestinal and extraintestinal amebiasis. Though a significant proportion of infections remain asymptomatic, approximately 50 million individuals annually are estimated to present with clinical disease, resulting in up to 100,000 deaths globally. The disease burden is disproportionately high in regions with lower socioeconomic status, such as parts of India, Africa, Mexico, and Latin America.Etiology and TransmissionThe infective...

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Forward Genetics Screens Using Macrophages to Identify Toxoplasma gondii Genes Important for Resistance to IFN-γ-Dependent Cell Autonomous Immunity
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Giardiasis: host-pathogen biology.

D P Stevens

    Reviews of Infectious Diseases
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    This summary is machine-generated.

    Giardiasis, a common diarrheal illness, involves complex interactions between the parasite Giardia and the human host. Understanding these host-parasite interactions is crucial for developing effective treatments for this widespread infection.

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    Area of Science:

    • Infectious Diseases
    • Immunology
    • Gastroenterology

    Background:

    • Giardiasis is a prevalent waterborne diarrheal disease globally and in the US.
    • The disease spectrum ranges from asymptomatic cases to severe malabsorption.
    • Details of Giardia pathogenesis and host interaction are not well understood.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To explore the complex interactions between Giardia and the human host.
    • To elucidate the pathogenesis of Giardiasis at the intestinal epithelial level.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of existing literature on Giardia pathogenesis.
    • Analysis of host-parasite interactions at the intestinal epithelium.

    Main Results:

    • Giardia interacts with the host's intestinal epithelium.
    • Several mechanisms are proposed for nutrient absorption alteration, including physical interference, toxin secretion, and inflammation.
    • The host immune system plays a dual role, potentially protective and pathogenic.

    Conclusions:

    • Further research is needed to fully understand Giardia pathogenesis.
    • Elucidating host-parasite interactions is key to managing Giardiasis.
    • The immune response to Giardia significantly influences disease outcome.