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Rheumatic Heart Disease III: Medical Management01:21

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Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) management can be divided into two main strategies: prevention and long-term management.Primary PreventionPrimary prevention focuses on timely diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis to prevent acute rheumatic fever. The most widely used antibiotic for treating this condition is intramuscular benzathine penicillin G.Acute Rheumatic Fever TreatmentThe primary treatment goal for a patient diagnosed with acute rheumatic fever is to suppress the...
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Rheumatic heart disease or RHD is a chronic condition that results from rheumatic fever, causing permanent damage to the heart valves.Etiology and Risk FactorsIt primarily arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can develop after untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Streptococcus spreads through direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions. While the bacteria are the causative agents, factors like malnutrition, overcrowding, poor...
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Spirochetes, unique bacteria in the phylum Spirochaetes, are gram-negative, motile, tightly coiled, slender, and flexible. They inhabit aquatic sediments and animals, with some causing diseases like syphilis. Spirochetes are classified into eight genera based on habitat, pathogenicity, phylogeny, and characteristics.Their distinctive motility arises from endoflagella, located within the cell’s periplasm. These endoflagella anchor at the cell poles and extend along the cell length, encased...
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Antibiotic resistance is a major public health concern that arises when bacteria evolve mechanisms to withstand the effects of antibiotic treatments. This resistance can be intrinsic, acquired through genetic mutations, or transferred between bacteria via horizontal gene transfer. The development of antibiotic resistance poses significant challenges in treating bacterial infections and necessitates ongoing research to develop new therapeutic strategies.Intrinsic resistance occurs when bacterial...
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Coryneform bacteria are gram-positive, aerobic, nonmotile rods that exhibit irregular, club-shaped, or V-shaped arrangements. Their V-shape results from snapping division, where the inner cell wall layer forms the cross-wall, while the outer layer remains intact until it ruptures on one side, causing the daughter cells to bend away.The primary genera are Corynebacterium and Arthrobacter. Corynebacterium includes diverse species, ranging from saprophytes to pathogens like Corynebacterium...
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Updated: Jan 10, 2026

Bacterial Phylum Spirochaetes
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Endomyocardial biopsy.

R E Fowles, J W Mason

    Annals of Internal Medicine
    |December 1, 1982
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Endomyocardial biopsy is a safe and valuable diagnostic tool for various heart conditions like myocarditis and cardiac amyloidosis when performed by experienced physicians. It aids in diagnosis and prognosis but is not specific for dilated or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

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    Area of Science:

    • Cardiology
    • Pathology
    • Medical Procedures

    Background:

    • Endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) use has increased globally over the last decade.
    • When performed by experienced physicians, EMB safety is comparable to routine cardiac catheterization.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate the diagnostic value and safety of endomyocardial biopsy.
    • To identify specific cardiac conditions where EMB is particularly beneficial.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of clinical applications and diagnostic utility of endomyocardial biopsy.
    • Assessment of safety profile in comparison to cardiac catheterization.

    Main Results:

    • EMB is valuable for diagnosing cardiac allograft rejection, anthracycline-induced cardiomyopathy, and myocarditis.
    • The procedure aids in diagnosing conditions such as cardiac amyloidosis, sarcoidosis, hemochromatosis, and endomyocardial fibrosis.
    • EMB lacks diagnostic specificity for dilated or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy due to non-pathognomonic features.

    Conclusions:

    • Endomyocardial biopsy is a safe and effective diagnostic procedure for specific myocardial diseases.
    • Expert technical proficiency and pathological interpretation are crucial for proper EMB practice.
    • EMB remains a vital research tool for advancing understanding and treatment of myocardial diseases.