Our changing concept of planning

The author describes an approach to planning that differs from conventional concepts. This approach, called interactive, or proactive planning, deals with interdependent problems and pursues goals, objectives, and ideals. Emphasizing that ideals play the key role in interactive planning, Ackoff contrasts this approach with prevailing planning concepts. He provides a thoughtful analysis of the various types of planning and presents the conceptual basis for an approach that can help managers cope effectively with today's climate of accelerating change, complexity, and turbulence.