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Related Concept Videos

Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

5.8K
The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

30
Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
30
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

28
Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...
28
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

23
Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence...
23
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

26
Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor,...
26
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

26
Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
26

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Fingerprinting Cardiolipin in Leukocytes by Mass Spectrometry for a Rapid Diagnosis of Barth Syndrome
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Familial hyperthyroxinemia due to abnormal thyroid hormone binding.

J D Silverberg, B N Premachandra

    Annals of Internal Medicine
    |February 1, 1982
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    A familial thyroid hormone binding abnormality causes elevated thyroxine levels in euthyroid individuals. This condition, characterized by enhanced binding to albumin or similar proteins, can mimic thyrotoxicosis.

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    Area of Science:

    • Endocrinology
    • Clinical Chemistry
    • Genetics

    Background:

    • Thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), regulate metabolism.
    • Serum T4 levels are influenced by binding proteins, primarily thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG).
    • Abnormalities in T4 binding can lead to misinterpretation of thyroid function tests.

    Observation:

    • A patient presented with elevated total T4, free T4, free T4 index, and T4/TBG ratio.
    • Serum T3 and thyrotrophin-releasing hormone response were normal, indicating clinical euthyroid status.
    • Paper electrophoresis revealed enhanced T4 binding to albumin or an albumin-like protein.

    Findings:

    • The elevated T4 levels were attributed to an abnormal increase in thyroid hormone binding affinity to albumin or a similar protein.
    • This T4 protein binding abnormality was identified in multiple family members, suggesting a hereditary basis.
    • A novel form of serum T4 protein binding abnormality leading to hyperthyroxinemia was identified.

    Implications:

    • This familial condition can lead to a false diagnosis of thyrotoxicosis in clinically euthyroid patients.
    • It highlights the importance of considering T4 binding abnormalities in interpreting thyroid function tests.
    • Understanding these genetic variations is crucial for accurate diagnosis and patient management.