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Related Concept Videos

Social Proof00:52

Social Proof

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Social proof is a form of persuasion based on comparison and conformity. People compare their behavior and actions to what others are doing and will change to conform to do what their peers do.
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Social Scripts02:10

Social Scripts

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People tend to know what behavior is expected of them in specific, familiar settings. A script is a person’s knowledge about the sequence of events expected in a specific setting (Schank & Abelson, 1977). Essentially, scripts are a particular kind of schema, one containing default values for the features within an event. In the restaurant example, the script's features include the props (e.g., tables, menu, food, and money), the roles to be played (e.g., customer and waiter),...
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Social Traps01:41

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Social traps are negative situations where people get caught in a direction or relationship that later proves to be unpleasant, with no easy way to back out of or avoid. The concept was orignally introduced by John Platt who applied psychology to Garrett Hardin's "Tragedy of the Commons", where in New England herd owners could let their cattle graze in the common ground. This situation seems like a good idea, but an individual could have an advantage. If they owned...
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Social Facilitation01:04

Social Facilitation

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Not all intergroup interactions lead to negative outcomes. Sometimes, being in a group situation can improve performance. Social facilitation occurs when an individual performs better when an audience is watching than when the individual performs the behavior alone. This typically occurs when people are performing a task for which they are skilled.
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Social Loafing01:37

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Another way in which a group presence can affect performance is social loafing—the exertion of less effort by a person working together with a group. Social loafing occurs when our individual performance cannot be evaluated separately from the group. Thus, group performance declines on easy tasks (Karau & Williams, 1993). Essentially individual group members loaf and let other group members pick up the slack. Because each individual’s efforts cannot be evaluated,...
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Social Exchange Theory02:06

Social Exchange Theory

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We have discussed why we form relationships, what attracts us to others, and different types of love. But what determines whether we are satisfied with and stay in a relationship? One theory that provides an explanation is social exchange theory. According to social exchange theory, we act as naïve economists in keeping a tally of the ratio of costs and benefits of forming and maintaining a relationship with others (Rusbult & Van Lange, 2003).
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 8, 2026

The Social Dimension of Stress: Experimental Manipulations of Social Support and Social Identity in the Trier Social Stress Test
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Bladder dysfunction: a remedial social problem.

M Catanzaro, E J O'Shaughnessy

    The Journal of Family Practice
    |March 1, 1983
    PubMed
    Summary

    Managing urinary bladder dysfunction in multiple sclerosis patients significantly enhances their quality of life. This study shows tailored treatments improve personal, social, and occupational functioning for those with neurogenic bladder.

    Area of Science:

    • Neurology
    • Urology

    Background:

    • Urinary bladder dysfunction is a common and disabling symptom in multiple sclerosis (MS).
    • This neurological deficit significantly impacts patients' daily lives, affecting personal, social, and occupational activities.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To demonstrate that critical management of neurogenic bladder in MS patients can improve quality of life.
    • To individualize treatment regimens based on specific bladder dysfunction types.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized urodynamic studies including urinary flow rate, voiding cystourethrography, and positional cystometrography.
    • Classified neurogenic bladder into types: areflexic, uninhibited, or mixed.
    • Developed individualized management plans.

    Main Results:

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    • Established specific types of neurogenic bladder through diagnostic testing.
    • Implemented tailored management strategies for improved patient outcomes.
    • Demonstrated a positive impact on patients' quality of life.

    Conclusions:

    • Effective management of urinary bladder dysfunction is crucial for improving the quality of life in multiple sclerosis patients.
    • Individualized treatment approaches, combining medication, self-catheterization, and fluid management, are effective.
    • Addressing neurogenic bladder symptoms leads to better personal, social, and occupational functioning.