A critical appraisal of the electrical output characteristics of ten transcutaneous nerve stimulators

Transcutaneous nerve stimulation as a non-invasive technique for the relief of pain is becoming very popular. The electrical characteristics of ten commercially available stimulators were examined. Particular attention was paid to their performance under varying loads, and to the calibration of their amplitude, pulse width and frequency controls. The need for accurate, and reproducible stimulation parameters and for clear information from the manufactures is emphasised.