[Psycho-oncology and its contribution to the multifactorial approach to cancer]

Psycho-oncology is a relatively new field in the investigation of cancer, although it represents a rather old concern. Those studies in the Literature which contribute to the understanding of the etiology of cancer are discussed. Papers on its treatment are not included. The investigation of psychosocial and personality factors which may influence cancer pathogenesis is exceedingly difficult due to the complexity of this phenomenon, whose morbid entity has been questioned. Most authors consider it a multi-dimensional process. Also, several methodological aspects are discussed. Numerous studies have revealed some interesting results, although these are far from complete. This makes it still impossible to draw definite causal relation. Aspects such as family and individual constellations of factors which appear to predispose to cancer appear as important. Concerning breast carcinomas, a triad of relevant traits have been identified: depressive-masochistic structure, ambivalent or negative attitude toward femininity, and chronic psychic stress. This is a promising start, despite the fact that these traits are quite general. It is hoped that further investigations may throw more light on the pathogenesis of cancer, allowing a clearer definition of preventive and therapeutic measures, both more effective and humane.