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Memory for faces: testing method, encoding strategy, and confidence

K A Deffenbacher, J R Leu, E L Brown

    The American Journal of Psychology
    |March 1, 1981
    PubMed
    Summary
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    Signal detection theory suggests a performance advantage for two-alternative forced choice (2AFC) over yes-no (YN) recognition memory. This study found 2AFC yielded higher accuracy and confidence, with better encoding strategies enhancing this effect.

    Area of Science:

    • Cognitive Psychology
    • Psychophysics

    Background:

    • Signal detection theory predicts a performance advantage for two-alternative forced choice (2AFC) over yes-no (YN) recognition memory tasks.
    • This advantage is often attributed to the higher memory demands of the YN procedure.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To test the prediction that 2AFC offers a performance advantage over YN in face recognition.
    • To investigate the influence of encoding strategies on recognition memory and the 2AFC advantage.
    • To examine the relationship between accuracy, confidence, and the testing method.

    Main Methods:

    • 72 college students participated in a face-recognition experiment.
    • Participants used either 2AFC or YN testing methods.
    • Encoding instructions varied: standard, overall gestalt, or distinctive feature scan.

    Related Experiment Videos

  • Recognition accuracy and confidence were assessed after a 1-week retention interval.

    • Main Results:

    • An overall 2AFC advantage of 1.61 was observed.
    • Gestalt and feature-scan encoding instructions led to superior performance compared to standard instructions.
    • Participants in the 2AFC condition reported significantly higher confidence than those in the YN condition.
    • More efficient encoding strategies resulted in a larger, not smaller, 2AFC advantage.

    Conclusions:

    • The 2AFC procedure provides a significant advantage in face recognition accuracy and confidence over the YN procedure.
    • Encoding strategies that promote richer memory traces enhance the 2AFC advantage.
    • Confidence judgments align with accuracy, with 2AFC yielding more confident responses.