Vaso-vesiculography: assessment in andrology and urology

Vasoseminal vasography using the vasopuncture technique is now a safe procedure. However, individual variations and technical pitfalls render interpretation of the images uneasy, even for experienced operators. Its use should be restricted, in andrologic patients, to cases where surgical treatment of azoospermia is contemplated. Normal vasographic patterns in all segments are necessary to undertake operative treatment: patency of ducts-as assessed by injection of dye-does not warrant success of anastomoses in presence of vesicular or ampullar lesions. On the other hand, vasography in urologic patients should gain a wider use, mainly for the diagnosis of malformation or staging of prostatic cancer.