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Factors associated with mortality after widowhood

K J Helsing, M Szklo, G W Comstock

    American Journal of Public Health
    |August 1, 1981
    PubMed
    Summary

    Widowed men face higher mortality than married men, especially if they do not remarry. Living alone or in a nursing home also increases mortality risk for both sexes.

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    Area of Science:

    • Gerontology
    • Epidemiology
    • Sociology

    Background:

    • Widowhood is a significant life event impacting health and mortality.
    • Previous research suggests varying effects of widowhood on mortality by sex.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the association between widowhood and mortality.
    • To examine the influence of remarriage, living arrangements, and residential changes on mortality among widowed individuals.

    Main Methods:

    • A non-concurrent prospective study in Washington County, Maryland.
    • Matched cohort of 4,032 widowed individuals and 4,032 married individuals (1963-1975).
    • Analysis of mortality rates using person-years at risk and multiple regression.

    Main Results:

    • Widowed men had significantly higher mortality than married men, even after adjustments.
    • Widowed males who remarried had substantially lower mortality than those who did not.
    • No significant difference in mortality for widowed females based on remarriage.
    • Nursing home residence and living alone were associated with increased mortality for both sexes.

    Conclusions:

    • Widowhood poses a greater mortality risk for men than for women.
    • Remarriage is a significant protective factor for widowed men's survival.
    • Living arrangements and institutionalization are critical factors influencing mortality post-widowhood.

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