Canine axial pattern flaps, using the omocervical, thoracodorsal, and deep circumflex iliac direct cutaneous arteries

Development of skin flaps, incorporating a direct cutaneous artery and vein, enable the developing of flaps of considerable dimension without the necessity of a delay procedure. Landmarks and guidelines for the development of axial pattern flaps are demonstrated, using the cervical cutaneous branch of the omocervical artery and vein, the thoracodorsal artery and vein, and the deep circumflex iliac artery and vein. These 3 axial pattern flaps have potential use for the rapid, safe restoration of extensive cutaneous defects involving the facial area, pinna, neck, shoulder, forelimb, axillary area, thorax, inguinal area, lateral thigh, and trochanteric areas in the dog.