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Related Concept Videos

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side of the...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a short...
Muscles that Move the Arm01:31

Muscles that Move the Arm

Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...
Spinal Nerves: Plexus I01:22

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I

Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
The Cervical Plexus
The cervical plexus, formed by the anterior rami of the first four...
Arteries of the Upper Limbs01:12

Arteries of the Upper Limbs

The subclavian artery transitions into the axillary artery as it exits the chest and enters the axillary region. This artery is critical for supplying blood to the shoulder area, including the head of the humerus, through the humeral circumflex arteries. As the vessel continues into the upper arm or brachium, it becomes the brachial artery. This artery plays a key role in vascularizing the brachial region and bifurcates at the elbow into several branches. These branches include the deep...

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Updated: May 22, 2026

Minimally Invasive Treatment for Thoracolumbar Burst Fracture Using Sagittal Alignment Screws and A Trauma Reduction Device
04:19

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Published on: November 8, 2024

Upper extremity injuries in skiing

D Carr, R J Johnson, M H Pope

    The American Journal of Sports Medicine
    |November 1, 1981
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Skiers are at high risk for thumb injuries, specifically to the ulnar collateral ligament. Gripping ski poles outside the strap may help prevent these common skiing injuries.

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    Area of Science:

    • Sports Medicine
    • Orthopedic Surgery
    • Traumatology

    Background:

    • Skiing is a popular winter sport associated with various injuries.
    • Upper extremity injuries represent a significant portion of all skiing-related trauma.
    • Thumb injuries, particularly to the ulnar collateral ligament, are frequently reported in skiers.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the incidence and characteristics of upper extremity injuries in skiers.
    • To identify specific injury patterns, with a focus on thumb injuries.
    • To explore potential preventive measures for common skiing-related injuries.

    Main Methods:

    • A six-year observational study involving 1,711 injured skiers and 998 controls at a ski area.
    • Data collection included injury types, demographics, and specific circumstances of injury.
    • Interviews with 405 skiers were conducted to gather self-reported injury history.

    Main Results:

    • Upper extremity injuries did not show an increased frequency over the study period.
    • Poor edging conditions correlated with a higher incidence of upper extremity injuries compared to lower extremity injuries.
    • Forty percent of upper extremity injuries involved the thumb, with 85% of these being ulnar collateral ligament injuries of the metacarpophalangeal joint.

    Conclusions:

    • Injury to the ulnar collateral ligament of the metacarpophalangeal joint is a prevalent skiing injury.
    • Skiers experiencing thumb injuries often do not report them.
    • Holding ski poles outside the strap may be a preventive strategy for these injuries.