Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 13, 2026

Simultaneous Whole-cell Recordings from Photoreceptors and Second-order Neurons in an Amphibian Retinal Slice Preparation
11:39

Simultaneous Whole-cell Recordings from Photoreceptors and Second-order Neurons in an Amphibian Retinal Slice Preparation

Published on: June 1, 2013

Spatial and temporal summation in the human dark-adapted retina

P Zuidema, H Verschuure, M A Bouman

    Journal of the Optical Society of America
    |December 1, 1981
    PubMed
    Summary

    Visual threshold data for circular flashes reveal that reducing flash intervals elevates thresholds at higher eccentricities. Local adaptation significantly impacts measurements, particularly with prolonged stimuli and large retinal areas. Results align with a quanta-coincidence model incorporating adaptation.

    More Related Videos

    Recording Light-evoked Postsynaptic Responses in Neurons in Dark-adapted, Mouse Retinal Slice Preparations Using Patch Clamp Techniques10:30

    Recording Light-evoked Postsynaptic Responses in Neurons in Dark-adapted, Mouse Retinal Slice Preparations Using Patch Clamp Techniques

    Published on: February 11, 2015

    Preparation of Horizontal Slices of Adult Mouse Retina for Electrophysiological Studies07:02

    Preparation of Horizontal Slices of Adult Mouse Retina for Electrophysiological Studies

    Published on: January 27, 2017

    Related Concept Videos

    The Retina01:32

    The Retina

    The retina is a layer of nervous tissue at the back of the eye that transduces light into neural signals. This process, called phototransduction, is carried out by rod and cone photoreceptor cells in the back of the retina.
    Vision01:24

    Vision

    Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
    Graded Potential01:19

    Graded Potential

    Graded potentials are localized fluctuations in the cell membrane's electrical charge, commonly found in the dendrites of neurons. The magnitude of these potential changes depends on the strength of the initiating stimulus. In a membrane at its resting potential, a graded potential signifies a voltage shift either above -70 mV or below -70 mV.
    Graded potentials fall into two categories: depolarizing and hyperpolarizing. Depolarizing graded potentials typically occur when sodium (Na+) or calcium...
    Integration of Synaptic Events01:28

    Integration of Synaptic Events

    Synaptic integration mainly includes the summation of graded potentials. Graded potentials, regardless of their type, cause subtle alterations in membrane voltage, resulting in either depolarization or hyperpolarization. These incremental changes, when combined or summed, can propel the neuron toward its threshold. Consider, for example, a membrane experiencing a +15 mV shift, causing it to depolarize from -70 mV to -55 mV. In this scenario, graded potentials govern the membrane's ability to...
    Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways01:22

    Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

    At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category, whereas...