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Summary
This study revises the learned helplessness model, explaining how noncontingent experiences can cause performance deficits or enhancements. Moderating variables influence expectations of response-reinforcement independence, impacting learned helplessness outcomes.
Area of Science:
- Psychology
- Cognitive Science
Background:
- Learned helplessness is a psychological state where individuals feel unable to control outcomes.
- Previous models primarily focused on performance deficits following uncontrollable experiences.
Purpose of the Study:
- To present a revised model of learned helplessness in humans.
- To define conditions leading to performance deficits (helplessness) or enhanced performance (facilitation) after exposure to noncontingency.
Main Methods:
- Theoretical model reformulation.
- Analysis of moderating variables impacting the perception of noncontingency and future expectancies.
Main Results:
- Noncontingent exposure can affect both the value and perceived probability of future rewards.
- The impact of noncontingency on performance is moderated by variables influencing response-reinforcement independence expectancies.
Conclusions:
- The revised model accounts for both helplessness and facilitation.
- The dual effect of noncontingency on reward value and probability explains varied behavioral outcomes.