Signalling by the p60c-src family of protein-tyrosine kinases

The c-src gene family has nine known members (blk, c-fgr, fyn, hck, lck, lyn, c-src, c-yes and yrk), each encoding a cytoplasmic protein-tyrosine kinase (PTK) believed to be involved in signal transduction. The c-src PTKs contain three domains (SH1, SH2 and SH3) that are found in many other signalling proteins. The SH1 domain has PTK activity, whilst the SH2 and SH3 domains are involved in mediating protein-protein interactions by binding to phosphotyrosine-containing and proline-rich motifs, respectively. The expression patterns of the c-src PTKs suggest that they function in a broad range of biological situations, in many cases regulating the behaviour of terminally-differentiated, post-mitotic cell types. Targeted disruption of members of the c-src family in transgenic mice has confirmed important roles for p56lck and p59fym(T) in T-lymphocyte maturation and activation, but has also revealed unexpected roles for p60c-src in bone maintenance and for p59fym(B) in learning and memory. There is increasingly detailed information about the biochemical nature of the signalling pathways in which the c-src PTKs operate and about the other signalling proteins with which they interact. The c-src PTKs can associate with activated receptor PTKs, including the receptors for platelet-derived growth factor and epidermal growth factor, by means of SH2-phosphotyrosine binding. The c-src PTKs also associated with transmembrane proteins that lack PTK activity, frequently by means of interactions involving their unique amino-terminal sequences.