Malaria surveillance--United States, 1992

Area of Science:

• Public Health
• Infectious Diseases
• Epidemiology

Background:

• Malaria is a mosquito-borne disease caused by Plasmodium parasites, primarily affecting travelers to endemic regions.
• Surveillance is crucial for identifying local transmission and informing prevention strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

• To report and analyze malaria cases in the United States during 1992.
• To identify trends in malaria incidence, species, and acquisition locations.
• To assess the effectiveness of current prevention recommendations.

Main Methods:

• Malaria cases with symptom onset in 1992 were identified through local healthcare providers and laboratory surveillance.
• Confirmed cases were reported to state health departments and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
• Data on Plasmodium species, travel history, and chemoprophylaxis use were collected.

Main Results:

• A total of 910 malaria cases were reported in the U.S. in 1992, a 13% decrease from 1991.
• Plasmodium vivax was the most common species (51%), followed by P. falciparum (33%).
• Malaria cases acquired in Africa by U.S. civilians decreased by 38%; 81% of U.S. civilians with malaria had not used recommended chemoprophylaxis.
• Seven cases were acquired locally in the U.S., and seven deaths were reported.

Conclusions:

• The decline in P. falciparum cases may be linked to travel patterns, reporting, or improved chemoprophylaxis use.
• Updated malaria prevention guidelines emphasize chemoprophylaxis and personal protective measures for travelers.
• Prompt medical attention, including blood smears, is vital for early diagnosis and treatment of malaria to prevent fatal outcomes.