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Does employment affect health?

C E Ross1, J Mirowsky

  • 1Department of Sociology, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA.

Journal of Health and Social Behavior
|September 1, 1995
PubMed
Summary
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Employment positively impacts health, acting as both a cause and consequence. This study found that full-time employment slows health decline, while good health increases job retention, particularly for women.

Area of Science:

  • Sociology
  • Public Health
  • Health Economics

Background:

  • Employment is linked to better health outcomes.
  • The relationship between employment and health is debated: is it causal (social causation) or selective (selection hypothesis)?

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether employment causes better health or if healthier individuals secure employment.
  • To examine the bidirectional relationship between employment and health using longitudinal data.

Main Methods:

  • Longitudinal analysis of a national probability sample (N = 2,436).
  • Statistical modeling to test social causation (employment affecting health) and selection (health affecting employment) hypotheses.
  • Analysis stratified by sex, race, and marital status for women.

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Main Results:

  • Full-time employment was associated with slower declines in perceived health and physical functioning for both men and women.
  • Physical functioning improved the likelihood of obtaining/retaining full-time employment for both sexes.
  • Perceived health improved job prospects for women but not men.
  • Homemaking among women predicted health decline, but health did not influence homemaking status.

Conclusions:

  • Employment, particularly full-time, appears to be a protective factor against health deterioration (social causation).
  • Health status also influences employment opportunities, especially for women (selection).
  • Homemaking presents unique health challenges for women, independent of their health status.