A mini-lesson in statistics: what causes treatment groups to be deemed 'not statistically different'?

The theory behind a "not-statistically significant difference" (NS) in group comparison research is crucial for proper study design. Proprietary company-sponsored research whose purpose is to demonstrate null intervention effects is widespread. Therefore, a discussion of null effects in research results was undertaken. Type I and Type II errors are explained, and reasons for "NS" results detailed. Clinical differences, power, statistical tests chosen, and values of alpha and beta are included in the discussion. Examples from studies of the effects of artificial baby milk gift packs are offered. If the aim of research is to demonstrate NS between treatments, or if the conclusion of published research is NS, then the research must demonstrate a design which ensures ethical and appropriate levels of both Type I and Type II errors.