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Menstrual dysfunction in swimmers: a distinct entity

N W Constantini1, M P Warren

  • 1Ribstein Center for Research and Sport Medicine Sciences, Wingate Institute, Netanya, Israel.

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
|September 1, 1995
PubMed
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Female swimmers experience delayed puberty and menstrual irregularities. Unlike other athletes, their hormonal profile suggests mild hyperandrogenism, not hypothalamic dysfunction, indicating a unique cause for athletic amenorrhea.

Area of Science:

  • Sports Medicine
  • Reproductive Endocrinology
  • Exercise Physiology

Background:

  • Menstrual dysfunction is common in athletes with low body mass, often linked to hypothalamic dysfunction.
  • This dysfunction is frequently observed in sports like long-distance running and dancing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the menstrual status and hormonal profiles of female competitive swimmers.
  • To differentiate reproductive dysfunction in swimmers from that seen in other athletic populations.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of menstrual history questionnaires from 69 swimmers and 279 controls.
  • Hormonal assessment (estradiol, FSH, LH, androgens) and body composition analysis in a subset of 24 swimmers.

Main Results:

Related Experiment Videos

  • Swimmers showed delayed age of menarche (13.8 yrs vs. 13.0 yrs) and higher prevalence of menstrual irregularities (82% vs. 40%).
  • Hormonal analysis revealed normal estradiol and FSH, mildly elevated LH, and higher androgens (dehydroepiandrostenedione sulfate, androstenedione) in swimmers.
  • This hormonal profile differs significantly from the hypoestrogenism associated with hypothalamic amenorrhea.

Conclusions:

  • Female swimmers are susceptible to delayed puberty and menstrual irregularities.
  • Reproductive dysfunction in swimmers may stem from mild hyperandrogenism, distinct from hypothalamic amenorrhea.
  • Categorizing athletic amenorrhea requires consideration of hormonal profiles, weight, and somatotype.