Participation of the blood platelet in immune reactions due to platelet-complement interaction

Review of different aspects of the primary interaction of complement with blood platelets in immunological reactions and the effect on platelet activation in healthy people and patients.

Relevant original papers and review articles mainly of the English-written literature.

Besides their major role in hemostasis and wound healing, blood platelets are involved in immunological reactions. They are not only able to interact with IgG through Fc receptors (FcR), they also react with complement components. This review summarizes interactions of complement with mainly human platelets. Such interactions may occur through complement receptors of the plasma membrane (e.g. C1q receptor, complement receptors 2 and 4), but also in a receptor-independent way including activation of the platelet by the membrane attack complex of complement C5b-9. In addition, activation of complement at the surface of the platelets may be induced after binding of anti-platelet antibodies to membrane glycoproteins (e.g. GpIIb/IIIa, GpIb/IX) or after binding of platelet-nonspecific immune complexes via FcR. Complement activation in turn may be regulated by various means including specific plasma or membrane proteins [e.g. decay-accelerating factor (DAF), membrane cofactor protein (MCP), membrane inhibitor of reactive lysis (MIRL), C8-binding protein (C8bp, homologous restriction factor hrf)]. As a further way of self-protection against complement attack, platelets may actively release C5b-9, deposited at the surface as C5b-9-enriched membrane vesicles.

Two lines of interaction of platelet with complement can be distinguished. On the one hand, platelets are equipped with membrane proteins which protect them from complement attack against themselves. On the other hand, membrane receptors for activated complement components as well as for IgG are expressed on the surface, which enable the platelet to intervene in immunological reactions. This property varies between platelets of different species and needs further investigation also in view of the platelet as an intersection between immunology and hemostasis.