Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). Clinical management of its major complications

Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) is a disease of unknown cause whose pathogenesis involves interaction between the vasculature, the immune system, and connective tissue cells. Although specific therapy awaits a better understanding of its pathogenesis, proper management may enhance not only the duration, but the quality of life for most scleroderma patients. Presently, controlled prospective trials of therapeutic agents are lacking. Published reports of drug therapy for skin, kidney, cardiac, pulmonary, and gastrointestinal complications, as well as management of Raynaud's phenomenon, are critically reviewed in this article, and the authors' approach to management of difficult clinical problems is presented.