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Distinguishing homelessness from poverty: a comparative study

P A Toro1, C W Bellavia, C V Daeschler

  • 1Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA.

Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
|April 1, 1995
PubMed
Summary
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Homeless individuals exhibit distinct characteristics, including higher rates of substance abuse and psychological distress, compared to the housed poor. They are also less likely to receive public benefits and more likely to have experienced childhood abuse.

Area of Science:

  • Social Sciences
  • Psychiatry
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Distinguishing the unique challenges faced by the homeless population is crucial for targeted interventions.
  • Understanding the differences between the homeless, previously homeless, and never-homeless poor is essential for effective social policy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To delineate the specific characteristics differentiating currently homeless adults from those who are housed poor.
  • To identify key factors associated with homelessness for improved support strategies.

Main Methods:

  • A random sampling of 144 adults across multiple sites created three distinct groups: currently homeless, previously homeless, and never-homeless poor.
  • Comparative analysis was conducted to identify statistically significant differences between these groups.

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Main Results:

  • The homeless group demonstrated a lower likelihood of receiving public benefits.
  • Substance abuse diagnoses (per DSM-III) were more prevalent in the homeless population.
  • Higher levels of self-rated psychological distress, recent domestic violence victimization, and childhood physical abuse were reported by the homeless.

Conclusions:

  • Homelessness is associated with specific risk factors including substance abuse, psychological distress, and histories of violence and abuse.
  • The homeless population differs significantly from the housed poor in terms of public benefit utilization and exposure to trauma.
  • Severe mental illness, physical health, and social support did not significantly differentiate the homeless from comparison groups.