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False positives in recognition memory produced by cohort activation

W P Wallace1, M T Stewart, H L Sherman

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Reno 89557, USA.

Cognition
|April 1, 1995
PubMed
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Spoken word recognition relies on activating word candidates. Later disqualification of a word during auditory processing leads to more false memory errors, suggesting internal word generation influences recognition.

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Psycholinguistics
  • Auditory Perception

Background:

  • Cohort theory posits that spoken word recognition involves activating a set of potential word candidates as auditory information unfolds.
  • This internal generation of words is a key mechanism in how we process spoken language.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the implications of the internal-generation-of-words mechanism in spoken-word recognition.
  • To examine how the timing of word disqualification affects subsequent recognition memory and false-positive errors.

Main Methods:

  • Five experiments were conducted, manipulating the timing (early vs. late) of disqualifying a "base" word from a cohort of candidates during spoken stimulus presentation.
  • Recognition memory tests were used to assess false-positive errors.

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  • Experiments also explored potential confounding factors like feature overlap and post-identification processing.

    • Main Results:

    • Significantly more false-positive recognition errors occurred when words were disqualified late in the stimulus presentation compared to early disqualification.
    • These findings held even when controlling for stimulus properties and reducing time for post-identification processing.
    • Results suggest the timing of internal word generation critically impacts memory accuracy.

    Conclusions:

    • The timing of when a word is ruled out during spoken processing significantly influences false memory formation.
    • This supports the role of internal word generation in spoken-word recognition and memory.
    • The findings have implications for understanding speech perception and memory errors.