Training and muscle ammonia and amino acid metabolism in humans during prolonged exercise

We studied the responses of NH3 and amino acids (AA) to prolonged exercise (3 h) in trained (Tr; n = 6) and untrained (Utr; n = 6) men. Each subject exercised the knee extensor muscles of one leg at 60% of maximum capacity. Thigh blood flow and femoral arteriovenous differences (0, 30, 60, 120, 150, and 180 min) as well as muscle biopsies (0, 120, and 180 min) were taken for NH3 and AA measurements. In both groups, muscle Glu decreased (P < 0.05) and Asp increased (P < 0.05), but the intramuscular AA pool, including the essential AA, remained constant despite a total AA efflux of 22.4 +/- 8.3 and 24.4 +/- 6.8 mmol/kg wet wt in Tr and Utr, respectively. Tr had greater (P < 0.05) muscle Tau, Phe, Ala, and Glu. Both groups had a large Glu uptake and effluxes of NH3, Gln, and Ala as well as essential AA. The latter implies that there was a net protein catabolism. The efflux of NH3 and Gln was much greater than that expected from AMP deamination, suggesting that deamination of AA was occurring. Many of the AA responses use Glu, and Tr maintained the intramuscular Glu pool at a higher concentration (P < 0.05), implying that they derived more Glu from protein catabolism and/or AA transaminations. Under these conditions, prolonged dynamic knee extensor exercise is associated with a large release of alpha-amino moieties both as NH3 and as Gln as well as a net protein catabolism; these responses are similar in Tr and Utr.