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Related Experiment Videos

Adult age differences in perceptually based, but not conceptually based implicit tests of memory

B J Small1, D F Hultsch, M E Masson

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Victoria.

The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences
|May 1, 1995
PubMed
Summary

Age differences in implicit memory vary by task type. While younger adults outperformed older adults on perceptually-based implicit memory tests, this was not observed on conceptually-based implicit memory tests.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Human Development

Background:

  • Implicit memory tests assess memory without conscious recall, showing small age differences favoring younger adults.
  • Most prior research used perceptually-based implicit tests; conceptually-based implicit tests are less understood regarding age effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate age-related differences in conceptually-based versus perceptually-based implicit memory.
  • To compare implicit memory performance across different age groups and with explicit memory.

Main Methods:

  • Administered fact completion (conceptually-based implicit), stem completion (perceptually-based implicit), and explicit recall tasks to 403 adults.
  • Participants were divided into three age groups: young (19-34), middle (58-73), and old (74-89).

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Main Results:

  • Younger adults showed better performance on stem completion (perceptual) but not fact completion (conceptual) implicit memory.
  • Significant age differences favoring younger adults were found for both explicit memory tasks (word and fact recall).
  • Correlations indicated distinct cognitive components supporting implicit versus explicit memory tests.

Conclusions:

  • Age differences in implicit memory are not uniform and depend on the underlying cognitive processes (perceptual vs. conceptual).
  • Explicit memory shows consistent age-related decline across different recall tasks.
  • Implicit and explicit memory rely on separable cognitive systems, with distinct age-related patterns.