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Related Experiment Videos

Implicit social cognition: attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes

A G Greenwald1, M R Banaji

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle 98195.

Psychological Review
|January 1, 1995
PubMed
Summary

Social behavior is often driven by unconscious processes, influencing attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Understanding implicit cognition through indirect measures is crucial for addressing unintended discrimination.

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Area of Science:

  • Social Psychology
  • Cognitive Science
  • Behavioral Science

Background:

  • Social behavior is typically viewed as consciously controlled.
  • Emerging evidence suggests social behavior frequently operates implicitly or unconsciously.
  • Implicit cognition involves past experiences influencing judgments without conscious awareness.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To extend the construct validity and predictive utility of major social psychology theories.
  • To highlight the significant role of implicit modes in attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes.
  • To advocate for indirect measures in the study of implicit cognition.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing evidence on implicit cognition in social psychology.
  • Emphasis on the necessity of indirect measurement techniques.

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  • Analysis of studies demonstrating discrimination by individuals who consciously reject prejudice.

    • Main Results:

    • Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes operate significantly through implicit processes.
    • Implicit stereotyping is common and can lead to discrimination.
    • Focusing attention on judgment tasks can reduce implicit cognitive effects.

    Conclusions:

    • Implicit cognition profoundly impacts social behavior, attitudes, and self-perception.
    • Indirect measures are essential for accurately studying unconscious influences.
    • Findings support interventions like affirmative action to mitigate unintended discrimination.