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Changes in physical activity and other lifeway patterns influencing longevity

R S Paffenbarger1, J B Kampert, I M Lee

  • 1Division of Epidemiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305-5092.

Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise
|July 1, 1994
PubMed
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Adopting a physically active lifestyle, quitting smoking, and maintaining normal blood pressure significantly reduce mortality risk and extend longevity in men. These healthy habits independently contribute to a longer, healthier life.

Area of Science:

  • Lifestyle Medicine
  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Physical activity and healthy lifestyle choices are increasingly recognized for their impact on health outcomes.
  • Understanding the long-term effects of lifestyle modifications on mortality is crucial for public health initiatives.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the influence of adopting or maintaining physical activity and other lifestyle patterns on mortality rates among Harvard College alumni.
  • To quantify the impact of specific lifestyle changes, such as increased physical activity, smoking cessation, and blood pressure management, on all-cause mortality.

Main Methods:

  • A cohort study of 14,786 Harvard College alumni, aged 45-84 in 1977, who completed questionnaires in 1962/1966 and 1977.
  • Follow-up from 1977 to 1988 or age 90, with analysis of mortality data (2,343 deaths).

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  • Relative risks of death were calculated, standardized for confounding factors, comparing men who adopted healthier lifestyles versus those who did not.

    • Main Results:

    • Men increasing physical activity to >= 1,500 kcal/week showed a 28% lower relative risk of death (RR=0.72).
    • Adopting moderately vigorous sports (> or = 4.5 METs) was associated with a 27% lower relative risk of death (RR=0.73).
    • Cigarette smokers who quit had a 26% lower relative risk of death (RR=0.74) compared to persistent smokers. Normotensive men had a 48% lower risk (RR=0.52).

    Conclusions:

    • Adopting a physically active lifestyle independently delays all-cause mortality.
    • Quitting cigarette smoking and maintaining normotension are significant factors in extending longevity.
    • These findings support the hypothesis that positive lifestyle changes contribute to reduced mortality and increased lifespan.