Cooperative binding of initiator protein to replication origin conferred by single amino acid substitution

The replication initiator protein pi of plasmid R6K binds seven 22 bp direct repeats (DR) in the gamma origin. The pi protein also binds to an inverted repeat (IR) in the operator of its own gene, pir, which lies outside the gamma origin sequences. A genetic system was devised to select for pi protein mutants which discriminate between IR and DR (York et al., Gene (Amst.) 116, 7-12, 1992; York and Filutowicz, J. Biol. Chem. 268, 21854-21861, 1993). From this selection the mutant pi S87N protein was isolated which is deficient in repressing the pir gene's expression because it cannot bind to IR at the pir gene operator. Remarkably, we discovered that pi S87N binds to DR cooperatively under conditions where wt pi binds independently. Moreover, the pi S87N is more active as a replication initiator in vivo when supplied at the same level as wt pi. Quantitative binding assays showed that both wt pi and pi S87N bind a DNA fragment containing a single DR unit with a similar affinity (Kd = 0.3 x 10(-12) M). Thus, cooperativity of pi S87N is most likely achieved through altered interactions between promoters bound at adjacent DR units.