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Obesity in men and women
1British Nutrition Foundation, London, UK.
Summary
Obesity, defined by Body Mass Index (BMI) over 30, is rising in the UK. Fat distribution, particularly central obesity measured by waist-to-hip ratio, significantly impacts metabolic disease risk more than total fatness alone.
Area of Science:
- Public Health
- Epidemiology
- Metabolic Health
Background:
- Rising obesity prevalence in the UK, with Body Mass Index (BMI) > 30, poses significant health risks.
- Obesity is linked to premature mortality and increased risk of metabolic diseases.
- Excess fat distribution, not just total fatness, is crucial for understanding disease association.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the role of fat distribution in obesity-related health risks.
- To highlight the significance of waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) as a measure of fat distribution.
- To differentiate metabolic risks associated with central versus peripheral fat distribution.
Main Methods:
- Utilizing waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) to assess fat distribution.
- Estimating subcutaneous fat mass using skinfold measurements.
- Acknowledging computed tomography (CT) as an exact but expensive method for fat determination.
Main Results:
- Central fat distribution (high WHR) is a strong indicator of excess intra-abdominal fat.
- 'Central' obesity is associated with increased predisposition to coronary heart disease, stroke, diabetes, breast cancer, and gallstones.
- Fat distribution can be a stronger risk factor than overall obesity for certain conditions.
Conclusions:
- Obesity risks are influenced by both total fatness and fat distribution.
- 'Central' fat distribution carries the highest metabolic risks.
- 'Peripheral' fat distribution has lower metabolic risks but increases mechanical issues like varicose veins.