A hepatitis B virus pre-S-retinoic acid receptor beta chimera transforms erythrocytic progenitor cells in vitro

In this report, we investigated the transforming properties of retinoic acid receptor beta (RAR beta). The v-erbA protein, which is the viral oncogenic homologue of the thyroid hormone receptor, was replaced by either the complete RAR beta (beta R) or a hepatitis B virus pre-S-RAR beta (H beta R) hybrid product in an avian erythroblastosis virus-based vector. In chicken hematopoietic cells, the H beta R protein was able to transform erythroid progenitor cells, whereas no such transformation was observed with the wild-type beta R protein. Moreover, the fully transformed phenotype was observed even in the absence of v-erbB, and H beta R-transformed erythroid cells grew independently of growth factors and transforming growth factor alpha. The analysis of erythrocytic-specific proteins revealed that the transformed cells were blocked at the colony-forming unit-erythroid stage and that the expression of the carbonic anhydrase II gene, a gene normally regulated by thyroid hormones, was repressed by the H beta R protein. Finally, hepatocarcinomas rapidly developed in some chickens infected in ovo with viruses encoding either the normal or the hybrid H beta R, suggesting that an inappropriate expression of the RAR beta gene may represent an important event in oncogenesis.