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Related Experiment Videos

Control strategies in FNS systems for the upper extremities

R H Nathan1

  • 1Mechanical Engineering Department, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.

Critical Reviews in Biomedical Engineering
|January 1, 1993
PubMed
Summary

This review explores functional neuromuscular stimulation (FNS) for paralyzed upper limbs, analyzing biomechanics and control strategies for spinal cord injuries and hemiplegia to restore function.

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Area of Science:

  • Rehabilitation Engineering
  • Neuroscience
  • Biomechanics

Background:

  • Paralysis, particularly from spinal cord injuries (SCI) at C4-C6 levels, causes significant upper limb dysfunction.
  • Secondary physiological changes further impact upper limb abilities and disabilities.
  • Hemiplegia is also considered in the context of upper limb function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the application of functional neuromuscular stimulation (FNS) for restoring upper limb function in paralyzed patients.
  • To analyze the biomechanics of FNS-activated paralyzed upper limbs using different electrode types.
  • To survey various control strategies for FNS systems.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on FNS for upper limb paralysis.

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  • Analysis of biomechanics for both implanted and surface electrode FNS activation.
  • Survey of open-loop, closed-loop (analog and digital), and adaptive control strategies.

    • Main Results:

    • FNS shows potential for muscle activation in paralyzed upper limbs.
    • Biomechanics of FNS-activated limbs analyzed for different electrode configurations.
    • Various control strategies, from open-loop to adaptive, have been developed for FNS systems.

    Conclusions:

    • FNS offers a promising avenue for improving upper limb function in individuals with paralysis.
    • Understanding the biomechanics and control systems is crucial for effective FNS implementation.
    • Further development in adaptive control strategies may enhance functional outcomes.