Endogenous interleukin 1 alpha must be transported to the nucleus to exert its activity in human endothelial cells

We have previously shown that the signal peptideless cytokine interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1 alpha) may play a role as an intracellular regulator of human endothelial cell senescence (J. A. M. Maier, P. Voulalas, D. Roeder, and T. Maciag, Science 249:1570-1574, 1990). To investigate the potential intracellular function of IL-1 alpha, transformed endothelial cells were transfected with the human cDNAs that code for the two forms of IL-1 alpha, the precursor molecule IL-1(1-271) and the mature protein IL-1(113-271). The subcellular localization of the two different polypeptides was investigated directly or by using chimeric genes constructed by fusion of different fragments of the IL-1 alpha gene and the beta-galactosidase open reading frames. The IL-1(113-271) protein was cytoplasmic, while IL-1(1-271) was nuclear. The basic cluster at the NH2 terminus of IL-1, KVLKKRR, has been shown to mediate IL-1 alpha nuclear targeting. Moreover, nuclear localization of IL-1 alpha correlates with impaired cell growth and expression of some IL-1 alpha-inducible genes. These results suggest that transport of endogenous IL-1(1-271) into the nucleus is required for it to modulate endothelial cell function.