Major oxidative products of cytosine, 5-hydroxycytosine and 5-hydroxyuracil, exhibit sequence context-dependent mispairing in vitro

Two major stable oxidation products of 2'-deoxycytidine are 2'-deoxy-5-hydroxycytidine (5-OHdC) and 2'-deoxy-5-hydroxyuridine (5-OHdU). In order to study the in vitro incorporation of 5-OHdC and 5-OHdU into DNA by DNA polymerase, and to check the base pairing specificity of these modified bases, 5-OHdCTP and 5-OHdUTP were synthesized. Incorporation studies showed that 5-OHdCTP can replace dCTP, and to a much lesser extent dTTP, as a substrate for Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I Klenow fragment (exonuclease free). However, 5-OHdUTP can only be incorporated into DNA in place of dTTP. To study the specificity of nucleotide incorporation opposite 5-hydroxypyrimidines in template DNA, 18- and 45-member oligodeoxyribonucleotides, containing an internal 5-OHdC or 5-OHdU in two different sequence contexts, were used. Translesion synthesis past 5-OHdC and 5-OHdU in both oligonucleotides occurred, but pauses both opposite, and one nucleotide prior to, the modified base in the template were observed. The specificity of nucleotide incorporation opposite 5-OHdC and 5-OHdU in the template was sequence context dependent. In one sequence context, dG was the predominant nucleotide incorporated opposite 5-OHdC with dA incorporation also observed; in this sequence context, dA was the principal nucleotide incorporated opposite 5-OHdU. However in a second sequence context, dC was the predominant base incorporated opposite 5-OHdC. In that same sequence context, dC was also the predominant nucleotide incorporated opposite 5-OHdU. These data suggest that the 5-hydroxypyrimidines have the potential to be premutagenic lesions leading to C-->T transitions and C-->G transversions.