Interaction of thrombin with antithrombin, heparin cofactor II, and protein C inhibitor

alpha-Thrombin is a trypsin-like serine proteinase involved in blood coagulation and wound repair processes. Thrombin interacts with many macromolecular substrates, cofactors, cell-surface receptors, and blood plasma inhibitors. The three-dimensional structure of human alpha-thrombin shows multiple surface "exosites" for interactions with these macromolecules. We used these coordinates to probe the interaction of thrombin's active site and two exosites, anion-binding exosite-I and -II, with the blood plasma serine proteinase inhibitors (serpins) antithrombin (AT), heparin cofactor II (HC), and protein C inhibitor (PCI). Heparin, a widely used anticoagulant drug, accelerates the rate of thrombin inhibition by AT, PCI, and HC. Thrombin Quick II is a dysfunctional thrombin mutant with a Gly 226-->Val substitution in the substrate specificity pocket. We found that thrombin Quick II was inhibited by HC, but not by AT or PCI. Molecular modeling studies suggest that the larger Val side chain protrudes into the specificity pocket, allowing room for the smaller P1 side chain of HC (Leu) but not the larger P1 side chain of AT and PCI (both with Arg). gamma T-Thrombin and thrombin Quick I (Arg 67-->Cys) are both altered in anion-binding exosite-I, yet bind to heparin-Sepharose and can be inhibited by AT, HC, and PCI in an essentially normal manner in the absence of heparin. In the presence of heparin, inhibition of these altered thrombins by HC is greatly reduced compared to both AT and PCI. alpha-Thrombin with chemically modified lysines in both anion-binding exosite-I and -II has no heparin accelerated thrombin inhibition by either AT or HC. Thrombin lysine-modified in the presence of heparin has protected residues in anion-binding exosite-II and the loss of heparin-accelerated inhibition by HC is greater than that by AT. Collectively, these results suggest differences in serpin reactive site recognition by thrombin and a more complicated mechanism for heparin-accelerated inhibition by HC compared to either AT or PCI.