Receptor regulation of G-protein palmitoylation

Many alpha subunits of heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory proteins (G proteins) are palmitoylated. Exposure of cells to the beta-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol increased incorporation of [3H]palmitate specifically into alpha s, the alpha subunit that mediates stimulation of adenylyl cyclase. Pulse-chase experiments suggested that isoproterenol increased turnover of alpha s-bound palmitate. Mutagenesis of Cys-3 in alpha s or alpha o (a homologous alpha subunit) prevented palmitoylation of these proteins. Differing results were obtained when mutations of Cys-3 in alpha s or alpha o were expressed in cells and assayed for their distribution between soluble and membrane fractions. Some alpha subunits, including alpha o, are myristoylated at the amino-terminal glycine residue. Mutation of this glycine prevented both myristoylation and palmitoylation of alpha o, indicating that myristoylation precedes palmitoylation of dually acylated alpha subunits. The amino-terminal sequences and fatty acylation properties of dually acylated alpha subunits are strikingly similar to those of some members of the Src family of protein-tyrosine kinases. The amino-terminal sequence Met-Gly-Cys-Xaa-Xaa-Ser/Cys shared by these proteins may represent a motif for cotranslational and posttranslational processing that includes myristoylation of the glycine residue and reversible palmitoylation of the cysteine residue.