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[Medical treatment of atherosclerotic carotid stenoses]
1Service de neurologie, centre Raymond-Garcin, hôpital Saint-Anne, Paris.
Insights
Managing atherosclerotic carotid artery stenosis involves controlling vascular risk factors and using antiplatelet medications like aspirin or ticlopidine to prevent stroke and heart attack.
Area of Science:
- Cardiovascular Medicine
- Neurology
- Vascular Surgery
Context:
- Patients with carotid artery stenosis often have coexisting coronary artery disease.
- Effective management aims to prevent major vascular events such as stroke, myocardial infarction, and vascular death.
- Control of vascular risk factors is crucial for both primary and secondary prevention.
Purpose:
- To outline the medical treatment strategies for patients with atherosclerotic carotid artery stenosis.
- To discuss the efficacy and side effects of antiplatelet therapies (aspirin, ticlopidine) and anticoagulants (heparin).
- To highlight the importance of managing modifiable risk factors like hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and smoking.
Summary:
- Aspirin and ticlopidine offer a significant reduction (approx. 25%) in composite vascular events.
- The optimal aspirin dosage for protection versus gastrointestinal side effects remains unclear.
- Ticlopidine carries a risk of neutropenia, making it a controversial second-line option.
- Heparin is used for short-term prevention in acute cerebrovascular conditions.
Impact:
- Provides a comprehensive overview of current treatment approaches for carotid artery stenosis.
- Informs clinical decision-making regarding antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapies.
- Emphasizes the critical role of risk factor modification in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease management.
Abstract:
Patients with atherosclerotic carotid artery stenosis commonly have arterial disease elsewhere, especially coronary artery disease. The aim of the medical treatment is to reduce the incidence of stroke, myocardial infarction and vascular death. Both primary and secondary prevention of these vascular events requires control of vascular risk factors, particularly lowering elevated blood pressure, lowering of elevated blood cholesterol and stopping smoking. Aspirin and ticlopidine are effective in reducing vascular events in patients with atherosclerosis, with a relative reduction of about 25% for the composite outcome event "stroke, myocardial infarction or vascular death". Whether low dose (less than 100 mg/d), medium (300 mg/d) or high dose (1,000 mg/d or more) of aspirin confer the same degree of protection against vascular events is unclear. The gastrointestinal side effects are greater for the high dose than for the medium dose, but the difference between the medium dose and the low dose is very small. Ticlopidine conveys a modest risk of reversible severe neutropenia and is often used as a second-line drug, but this is a controversial issue. Heparin is often used as a short-term preventive treatment in patients with transient ischaemic attacks or minor stroke, especially in those with "crescendo" transient ischaemic attacks, progressing stroke, severe carotid stenosis or intraluminal thrombus.