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Variable-region subgroup distribution among lambda-type immunoglobulins in normal human serum

M Abe1, S Ozaki, D Wolfenbarger

  • 1Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Medical Center/Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville.

Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis
|January 1, 1994
PubMed
Summary
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This study quantifies immunoglobulin lambda light chain variable (V lambda) subgroups in normal serum using ELISA. V lambda I and V lambda III are abundant, while V lambda II is rare, contrasting with its prevalence in certain B-cell malignancies.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Immunoglobulins (Igs) possess lambda light chains with distinct variable (V lambda) subgroups.
  • Understanding the distribution of these V lambda subgroups in normal serum is crucial for identifying disease-associated alterations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the quantitative distribution of major V lambda subgroups (V lambda I-VIII) in normal human serum.
  • To compare V lambda subgroup frequencies in normal serum with their prevalence in specific hematological malignancies.

Main Methods:

  • Sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was employed.
  • Murine anti-human V lambda subgroup-specific monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) and reference proteins were utilized.
  • Serum samples from 23 healthy adults were analyzed.

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Main Results:

  • The mean concentrations of V lambda I, II, III, IV, VI, and VIII Igs were 2158, 162, 1958, 264, 225, and 169 µg/mL, respectively.
  • These represented 44%, 3%, 40%, 5%, 5%, and 3% of the total Ig lambda population in normal serum.
  • V lambda II Igs constituted a low percentage (3%) in normal serum, contrasting sharply with their higher incidence (approx. 40-60%) in multiple myeloma, AL amyloidosis, and Waldenström's macroglobulinemia.

Conclusions:

  • The distribution of V lambda subgroups in normal serum is non-random, with V lambda I and V lambda III being the most prevalent.
  • The significantly higher frequency of the V lambda II subgroup in specific plasma cell and lymphocytic dyscrasias suggests a non-random V lambda gene usage in these diseases.
  • This implies a potential link between V lambda gene selection and the pathogenesis of certain hematological malignancies.