Induction of lymphokine-activated killer activity in mice by prothymosin alpha

We have recently demonstrated that prothymosin alpha (ProT alpha) when administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) protects DBA/2 mice against the growth of syngeneic leukemic L1210 cells through the induction of tumoricidal peritoneal cells producing high levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) [Papanastasiou et al. (1992) Cancer Immunol Immunother 35: 145]. In this report we tested further immunological alterations that may be caused by the administration of ProT alpha in vivo. We demonstrate that i.p. injections of ProT alpha enhance natural killer (NK) cell activity and induce lymphokine-activated (LAK) activity in vivo. Thus, splenocytes from ProT alpha-treated DBA/2 animals exhibited significantly higher cytotoxic activity (up to threefold) against the NK-sensitive YAC cell line and the NK-resistant P815 and L1210 syngeneic tumor cells, as compared to splenocytes from syngeneic control mice. The enhancement of the cytotoxic profile of DBA/2 splenocytes was associated with increased percentages of CD8+ cells, NK cells and activated CD3+ cells. The ProT alpha-induced effect persisted for 30 days after the end of the ProT alpha treatment period and returned to normal levels 20 days later. Splenocytes from non-treated DBA/2 animals generated high NK and LAK activities in response to ProT alpha in vitro. The ProT alpha-induced NK and LAK activities reached 84% and 75% respectively of what was obtained with interleukin-2 (IL-2). High concentrations of TNF alpha and IL-2 were generated in response to ProT alpha in LAK cultures. These findings suggest that ProT alpha may provide an overall protective effect against tumor growth in vivo through induction of NK and LAK activities possibly indirectly via the production of IL-2 and TNF alpha in the spleen, peritoneal cavity and probably other lymphoid organs.