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Related Experiment Videos

Can we create gifted people?

K A Ericsson1, R T Krampe, S Heizmann

  • 1Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee.

Ciba Foundation Symposium
|January 1, 1993
PubMed
Summary
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Expert performance is not solely innate talent but achieved through extensive deliberate practice. This acquired skill, developed over years, is key to reaching elite levels, challenging traditional views of inherent ability.

Area of Science:

  • Psychology of Expertise
  • Skill Acquisition
  • Performance Science

Background:

  • Traditional views posit innate talent as the primary determinant of elite performance.
  • Expertise is often seen as reaching a plateau determined by unmodifiable, presumably innate, factors.
  • This perspective suggests limited potential for improvement after extensive experience.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To challenge the traditional view of innate talent in achieving superior performance.
  • To explore alternative frameworks for understanding the development of expert performance.
  • To investigate the role of controllable factors in skill acquisition and elite attainment.

Main Methods:

  • Review of theoretical frameworks for performance development.

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  • Analysis of research on the duration and nature of preparation for elite performance.
  • Examination of studies investigating factors predicting performance outcomes.

    • Main Results:

    • Improvements in performance are possible even after extensive experience.
    • Reaching international-level performance requires over a decade of intense preparation.
    • Research has struggled to identify and quantify specific 'talent' factors that predict performance.
    • The amount of deliberate practice is strongly correlated with performance levels, even at the highest echelons.

    Conclusions:

    • Expert performance is better explained by acquired characteristics, specifically deliberate practice, rather than innate talent.
    • This framework highlights controllable factors and identifies new constraints on achieving superior performance.
    • The findings suggest that deliberate practice is a critical, modifiable component of expertise development.