Mechanisms of kindling: an evaluation of single trial seizure induction procedures for use as controls

Investigations into the neurochemical or molecular biological mechanisms underlying the kindled state require a seizure induction procedure for eliciting generalized tonic-clonic seizures in naive animals. Such seizure controls are necessary for dissociating the influence of ictal motor events on measures of interest from the influence of the kindling process on these same measures. In this study three procedures for inducing seizures in naive animals were evaluated against a set of criteria considered ideal.