Recoverin alters its surface properties depending on both calcium-binding and N-terminal myristoylation

The solution structure and calcium-dependent structural changes of recoverin, a 23 kDa calcium binding protein of vertebrate photoreceptors, have been studied by small-angle X-ray scattering and CD, as well as the effect of N-terminal myristoylation. The CD spectrum is not affected by N-terminal myristoylation, but strongly affected by Ca2+, indicating that N-terminal myristoylation alone does not cause a conformational change. The major conformational change in recoverin induced by Ca2+ is characterized as a decrease in the alpha-helical content of the protein and an increase in global size upon removal of Ca2+. In the presence of Ca2+, unmyristoylated recoverin is monomeric and globular in solution, while N-terminal myristoylation brings about aggregation. In the absence of Ca2+, unmyristoylated recoverin tends to aggregate, while myristoylated recoverin becomes monomeric and globular. These observations indicate that recoverin changes its surface properties depending on both calcium binding and N-terminal myristoylation. Melittin interacts non-specifically only with the myristoylated recoverin in the absence of Ca2+. This may be indicative of the properties of the interaction between recoverin and its normal physiological target enzyme.