Image jitter, blur, and scintillation regarding the retinal hazards of lasers

The statistics of position and size of the image of a laser source observed through refractive turbulence in the atmosphere were measured using a simulated human retina. Both 3-mm and 7-mm apertures were used with a variety of propagation conditions. No significant effects of image broadening or motion were observed. Consequently, such effects cannot be depended on to mitigate scintillation hazards.