Review: tissue effects of laser energy

The tissue effects of a laser are responsible for the therapeutic value as well as the potential for complications. Within certain constraints, the type and depth of energy effect can be controlled by the selection of the wavelength as well as of appropriate energy parameters. In a clinical endoscopic setting, however, precise prediction of tissue penetration is not feasible, and proper use relies on the experience and knowledge of the operating surgeon. Considering this, it is important for surgeons to understand laser tissue effects and the various parameters that influence them.